"The main character of this extraordinary story is comet 41P TLE Jacobini Kresak, or simply 41P for friends. It is a small object about a kilometer in diameter, which takes approximately 5.5 years to complete one orbit around the sun. "

"The interior of a comet is essentially a cosmic time capsule. The ice and materials we find inside remain frozen and untouched for billions of years, from the moment the solar system formed. And by studying the chemical composition of this primordial ice, we can learn exactly what components the planets, including our Earth, were made of. "

"These jets literally work like rocket engines. The principle of operation is based on Newton's third law of motion. Every action is accompanied by a reaction of the same magnitude and direction, but opposite in sense. When gas escapes from the comet into space at enormous speed, it pushes the comet's nucleus in the opposite direction. "

"Of course, in the case of comet 41P, the gas jets were strong and persistent enough to completely deplete, let's say, its original angular momentum, leading to a temporary stop in rotation, and then imparting new angular momentum in the opposite direction. "

"The engine of this whole change is hidden in the comet's nucleus, and it is nothing more than a dirty snowball, a conglomerate of frozen gases, water, dust, and rock fragments that remained after the birth of our solar system. Unlike planets, comet nuclei are not compact solid rocks, but rather porous, weakly bound structures that hold together due to very weak gravity. "

"When such a 'Snow White' approaches the sun, it starts reacting to heat. And this leads us to another fascinating phenomenon. We are talking about a process called sublimation. This is the transition of matter directly from a solid state to a gaseous state, bypassing the liquid phase. And this is exactly what happens on the surface of a comet. The sun heats the ice trapped beneath the surface, which rapidly turns into gas, and this gas, seeking an outlet, breaks through the top layer of dust, creating powerful jets, or cosmic geysers. "

"Because the comet's nucleus is only a loose collection of ice and dust, with too fast a rotation, this force can overcome the weak gravity I mentioned earlier, which holds the entire object together, so it can simply disintegrate. "

"If such a jet is in the right place on the surface and shoots at the right angle, it can act as a brake for the comet's rotation. If the gas escapes in the opposite direction to the rotation of the sphere, this force gradually nullifies its angular momentum. "

"Due to their gigantic mass, they also lived very quickly and very intensely, because instead of burning fuel for billions of years, they consumed it in just a few million, ending their lives in gigantic supernova explosions. "

"In the immense pressure and temperature prevailing in the core, lighter atoms such as hydrogen collide with each other, combine into heavier ones like Helium, releasing a powerful dose of energy. "

"Follow-up observations tied the signal to a second matching hydrogen feature at the same location, fixing the source firmly within the early Universe. ... New spectra did more than repeat the earlier detection, they split Hebe's helium emission into two neighboring pieces. One piece also lined up with the hydrogen line, showing that the object was real rather than an instrument quirk. "

"When hydrogen fuel runs out, the star begins to compress helium, creating carbon, then oxygen, and so on, up to iron. Population III stars were the first factories for these building materials. "

"This powerful plume of material ejected into space acted for the asteroid exactly like the exhaust gases ejected under pressure in a conventional rocket engine. Every single kilogram of rocky debris, rapidly flying out in one direction with great recoil force, pushed the entire enormous asteroid in the exact opposite direction or in the exact opposite sense. "

"The answer to this fascinating puzzle lies in a powerful physical phenomenon whose effects completely surpassed calculations based solely on the launch mass and speed of the spacecraft. "

"The effects of ejecting such a gigantic amount of diverse matter into space allowed researchers to draw extremely fascinating and, in total, groundbreaking conclusions about the very structure and geological composition of Dimorphos, which also became a key area for analysis after the collision. "

"This cosmic impact created a phenomenon strikingly similar to the operation of a traditional rocket engine. And the main culprit for this state of affairs is the powerful recoil of matter ejected into a vacuum from the surface of the asteroid itself. "

"This enormous speed more than compensates for the small mass of this device, allowing for a single transfer of an unimaginably powerful portion of kinetic energy. "

"In the case of the enormous Didymos and the significantly smaller, lighter Dimorphos, this center of mass is strongly shifted and is actually located inside the larger asteroid, although not in its ideal geometric center. "

"Such a non-obvious property confirms the theory that in this case we are dealing with a rubble pile object, as scientists say in English, which is a collection of loosely gravitationally bound fragments. "

"Witnesses reported hearing numerous explosions as a cosmic rock broke up in the atmosphere, scattering fragments across the federal state over Reni Apalaty over western Germany. Yes, it is quite common that when such a larger object enters the Earth's atmosphere, the temperature gradient is so enormous. Warmer on the outside, still cooler somewhere inside, that various structural cracks, delaminations, internal structure may not withstand such a collision with the Earth's atmosphere and an explosion simply occurs, yes, the breaking up of such a piece of rock, ice or anything else entering the Earth's atmosphere. "

"Therefore, due to the limited speed of light, we only see a bubble around us with a radius of approximately 13 billion years. "

"Earth, as we know, is a planet. Besides Earth, there are more planets in our solar system. Besides our solar system, there are more star systems that make up an entire galaxy. However, there are also countless galaxies. "

"Fermions are a family of particles that include, for example, electrons, protons or neutrons, and matter that we can touch is built from them. A key feature of fermions is that they are incredible individualists. They are governed by a quantum mechanical rule called the Pauli exclusion principle. "

"Sagittarius A* is the name of a radio source at the center of our galaxy. It lies in the constellation Sagittarius and for years has been the prime suspect for being a supermassive black hole. "

"The Milky Way's dark matter halo appears to be powerful. It has a mass 10 times greater than all the visible matter in our galaxy and extends far beyond its visible boundaries. "

"With a radius of about 700,000 km, it absolutely dominates the solar system. Let's use a simple analogy. If the sun were the size of a standard football, our Earth would be 109 times smaller. It would resemble a peppercorn just 2 mm wide. What's more, if we summed the mass of all the planets in our system, the sun would still be 743 times more massive than all of them combined. "

"The brightest stars are usually also the most massive. A good example is Bellatrix, the 26th brightest star in the sky, forming the left arm of the Orion constellation. It belongs to type B, one of the brightest classes, and its surface temperature is about 22,000 Kelvin, making it almost four times hotter than our sun. It is also almost nine times more massive. "

"Our Sun is in the middle of this diagram, being a fairly average main-sequence star of spectral type G. The letter G determines its classification based on temperature and color in the OBFGKM system, where O means the hottest objects and M the coolest. Red dwarfs are usually in this M category. Our star has a surface temperature of about 5778 Kelvin, which gives it a characteristic yellow-white hue. "

"This diagram, developed independently in the early 20th century by Danish astronomer Einar Hertzsprung and American researcher Henry Norris Russell, compares a star's temperature with its brightness, i.e., luminosity. A distinct band called the main sequence runs through the very center of this diagram. This is where most stars spend the vast majority of their lives. "

"And the truth is, of course, that we are constantly making a new studio. Well, we have already moved to this new place. Technically speaking, most of these rooms are functional, but we still need to finish some things. Acoustics still await us here, to improve them as much as possible. For now, it's good enough, as they say, but of course, it will be even better. "

"ORC circles are visible in the radio band, so there are obviously not many colors there. Radio waves, as we know, are a type of electromagnetic radiation. They are a phenomenon of exactly the same nature and family as sunlight entering through a window, or X-rays used for imaging and scans. Yes, the difference lies in the wavelength. "

"These gigantic structures, which are being discussed today, have received an official and very apt name in the scientific world: odd radio circles, in English from Radio Circles, and simply ORC for short. These are objects that seem to combine absolutely everything that we simply do not yet understand in the universe. "

"Based on these photometric microscopic dimmings, we determined that there are billions of such planets in the galaxy. In the Milky Way alone, tens of millions of objects orbit within the ecosphere, where a delicate thermal balance allows water to maintain its state of aggregation. "

"Despite this, fluctuations in methane levels are periodically detected in its thin atmosphere, which may be a sign of ongoing biological activity deep underground. "