"Combining lensing data with supernova data, scientists calculated that the chance of this gigantic discrepancy in results being a mere random fluke or some statistical error is less than 1 in 10 million. The crisis has become a fact, and the Hubble tension has become a real problem in physics. "

"the results delighted everyone, because the material obtained in the laboratory showed a powerful drop in shear wave velocity and a Poisson's ratio perfectly consistent with actual seismic measurements of the Earth's exterior. So, undeniable experimental evidence confirming the superionic nature of the core appeared before us. "

"An international research team operating within the Holly Cow collaboration, yes, that's exactly what it's called, but look at how it's spelled on the screen, published precise measurements of the Hubble constant based on the analysis of six best-selected lensed quasars and obtained a value of 73.3. "

"Hubble tension is a deep measurement crisis, which results from the fact that two main independent methods of determining the universe's expansion rate give different results that absolutely refuse to agree with each other. "

"Independent geometric measurements clearly side with higher results obtained from observations of the local universe using supernovae and reject those lower values predicted by observations of background radiation. "

"Multiply lensed images of a same source experience a relative time delay in the arrival of photons due to the path length difference and the different gravitational potentials the photons travel through. This effect can be used to measure absolute distances and the Hubble constant ( H 0 ) and is known as time-delay cosmography. The method is independent of the local distance ladder and early-universe physics and provides a precise and competitive measurement of H 0 . "

"In 2014, the Hubble telescope captured an amazing sight. four images of the same supernova, more than 9 billion light-years away, arranged in a perfect cross around a lensing galaxy, and this object was officially named Revzdal supernova in honor of the brilliant scientist "

"These acoustic waves left a very characteristic repeating distance pattern in the distribution of galaxies in the universe, which acts like a gigantic cosmic ruler. By believing how this ruler changed its size over billions of years, scientists can precisely reconstruct the full history of the expansion of cosmic space from the earliest epochs to today. "

"Another breakthrough was the lensed supern0PE. If you read it all at once, it will be Hope, which belonged to Type 1A supernovae, i.e., cosmic standard candles of perfectly known brightness. It gave scientists a unique chance to conduct two independent physical analyses in one and the same object. And this ultimately allowed to confirm a higher expansion rate of the modern cosmos. "

"Latest seismic analyses and laboratory experiments prove that inside our planet's core there is a state of matter that no one had even dreamed of for decades. The superionic state. "

"In a typical crystal, all atoms are trapped in their positions in a three-dimensional lattice. In the superionic state, something unusual happens. One type of atom behaves rigidly, forming a stiff scaffolding with an intact spatial structure. But the second type of atom, trapped in the free spaces of this lattice, gains such enormous energy that it breaks all bonds and begins to rush between the elements of that scaffolding with complete, almost chaotic freedom. These lighter elements become a true liquid river inside the solid crystal. "

"Although the speed of light is finite, space itself seems not to be subject to any speed limits. The structure of the vacuum itself is not subject to the limitations set by the relativistic light limit. Therefore, space can expand at speeds greater than the speed of light. "

"The gravitational interaction of such a dark core fits observational data as well as a black hole. The orbit of the S2 star would look almost identical in both cases. And here researchers explicitly state that no decisive preference emerges between the models, whether it is a black hole or this dark matter core. Mathematics allows both possibilities. "

"When this process begins in the Sun, its radius will increase from the current 700,000 km to 300 million km. The star will grow enough to completely engulf Mercury, Venus, and probably also Earth. This transformation applies to stars with a mass of about 0.8 to eight solar masses. "

"When a star runs out of hydrogen in its core, the aforementioned hydrostatic equilibrium ends. Without energy from fusion preventing gravity, the core begins to collapse, and the collapse causes an extreme increase in pressure, which in turn raises the temperature. Eventually, the core becomes so hot that it initiates Helium fusion, introducing the star into a completely new stage of evolution. But this giant temperature also heats the outer layers of the object. They reach thermal levels that previously only existed in the center. Suddenly, hydrogen atoms in the outer shells gain the ability to fuse. This powerful new energy source forces the star to dramatically expand. The object becomes a red giant. "

"In 2024, the European XMM Newton space telescope recorded a powerful emission of X-rays coming from the core of the cloverleaf. And we must remember that X-ray radiation in space does not come from nowhere. It is usually a derivative of an environment where gases are crushed with extreme force by a shock wave, which raises their temperature to millions of degrees. "

"The key is a phenomenon called the Lidov-Kozai mechanism. The Lidov-Kozai mechanism is a gravitational three-body dance. Imagine the Sun, a small TNO-like object, and a massive perturbing body, in this case, our hypothetical Planet Nine. In this system, an unusual exchange of energy occurs. The orbit of the small object is not constant. Instead, it trades its parameters, so to speak. The object can give up some of its inclination relative to the system's plane. In return, it gains greater eccentricity, meaning its orbit becomes more egg-shaped, elongated. The opposite can also happen. This is a cyclic process. Planet Nine, orbiting on its distant path, slowly pumps, tilts, and stretches these orbits over millions of years. And it is this mechanism that explains why we see objects with such extreme orbits, perpendicular to the ecliptic, and even moving retrograde. Without a third massive player in this system, the math simply doesn't add up. "

"Terry Fan and Professor Goto were not searching blindly; they obviously created a profile of the sought-after object. They were looking for an object with a mass 7 to 17 times that of Earth, moving at a distance between 500 and 700 astronomical units from the Sun. They knew exactly how such an object should move against the background of stars over those 23 years. They processed millions of data points, rejected everything that didn't fit the pattern, and were left with 13 candidates. After manual verification, only one, one specific candidate remained on the field. "

"In 2003, Mike Brown's team discovered Sedna, a dwarf planet with an orbit so stretched and strange that it could not be explained by the presence of known planets. Then we found more objects and started to notice a pattern. Their orbits are combed in some way. Many of them are inclined at the same angle, and their perihelia, the points closest to the sun, cluster in one area. Some even orbit in the opposite direction to the rest of the solar system. The probability that such an arrangement arose by chance is, attention, 0.006%. "

"JADES-GS-z14-0 is 1,600 light years (ly) wide and very luminous. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of strong ionized gas emissions, including hydrogen and oxygen. [...] Its age, size, and luminosity added to a growing body of evidence that current theories of early star and galaxy formation are incomplete. "

"It turned out to be a cyclic phenomenon. And what turned out? It turned out that when celestial mechanics methods were used to fit possible configurations to these observation results, it emerged that this pulsar orbits a common center of mass with another neutron star, something invisible, hellishly dense, and very small. "

"A pulsar is a very dense, very compact star. Most often a remnant after a supernova explosion, it has sizes of 10, 20 k, several kilometers, but a mass, a mass greater than the mass of the sun. density at the level of nuclear density 10 to the 14 kg per cubic centimeter, these are like individual neutrons packed next to each other. "

"One line, the theoretical one, and another one that deviates. And this happens over time. Subsequent dots, as it were, form, and this observed distribution, as one might say, fits perfectly, cup for cup, with the predictions of general relativity again. "

"If it's not a dumbbell, but a disk rotating axially, it won't be a source of gravitational waves, but an already distorted disk will be such a source. If it's a supernova and the supernova explodes very symmetrically, as they say, it won't be a source of gravitational waves, but supernovae most often explode in a way where there's a difference in the amount of matter going in different directions, due to magnetic fields, rotations, and so on. And at that moment, there's a pulsating star, because there's also acceleration, it pulsates and slows down. If it's a strictly symmetrical star, one that expands uniformly throughout its volume, it also won't be a source, but a star that has something called a quadrupole moment, where some parts go up and others contract, because that's usually how it looks, such a star will be a source. "

"Gravitational waves arise when the phenomenon of gravitational field pulling occurs. When mass moves, when mass moves and when it accelerates, right? This is, this is, a disturbance is created in the gravitational field, right? In this distribution of the gravitational field, as if this gravitational well, right, it starts to ripple like that and it spreads at the speed of light, right? This is, as it were, very classically derived from the general theory of relativity. "

"MeerKAT, a radio telescope with a diameter of 13.5 meters operated by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, detected radio absorption lines by hydroxyl radicals, namely OH molecules, from the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS. The OH absorption signal was detected in two spectral lines at radio frequencies of 1.665 and 1.667 gigahertz. "

"Radio waves have the advantage over visible light that they penetrate the densest dust clouds, and thanks to this, we were able to look directly into the gas clumps surrounding the comet, and the result is unequivocal. There is water, lots of water. If Atlas were a dry spacecraft or a worn-out alien probe, this signal simply wouldn't exist. So we are dealing with a wet, well, in quotation marks of course wet, frozen icy body, chemically very similar to comets we know from our own backyard. Water, carbon, simple compounds, the building blocks of nature, not any engineering. "