"Although the speed of light is finite, space itself seems not to be subject to any speed limits. The structure of the vacuum itself is not subject to the limitations set by the relativistic light limit. Therefore, space can expand at speeds greater than the speed of light. "

"The gravitational interaction of such a dark core fits observational data as well as a black hole. The orbit of the S2 star would look almost identical in both cases. And here researchers explicitly state that no decisive preference emerges between the models, whether it is a black hole or this dark matter core. Mathematics allows both possibilities. "

"When a star runs out of hydrogen in its core, the aforementioned hydrostatic equilibrium ends. Without energy from fusion preventing gravity, the core begins to collapse, and the collapse causes an extreme increase in pressure, which in turn raises the temperature. Eventually, the core becomes so hot that it initiates Helium fusion, introducing the star into a completely new stage of evolution. But this giant temperature also heats the outer layers of the object. They reach thermal levels that previously only existed in the center. Suddenly, hydrogen atoms in the outer shells gain the ability to fuse. This powerful new energy source forces the star to dramatically expand. The object becomes a red giant. "

"When this process begins in the Sun, its radius will increase from the current 700,000 km to 300 million km. The star will grow enough to completely engulf Mercury, Venus, and probably also Earth. This transformation applies to stars with a mass of about 0.8 to eight solar masses. "

"In 2024, the European XMM Newton space telescope recorded a powerful emission of X-rays coming from the core of the cloverleaf. And we must remember that X-ray radiation in space does not come from nowhere. It is usually a derivative of an environment where gases are crushed with extreme force by a shock wave, which raises their temperature to millions of degrees. "

"In 2003, Mike Brown's team discovered Sedna, a dwarf planet with an orbit so stretched and strange that it could not be explained by the presence of known planets. Then we found more objects and started to notice a pattern. Their orbits are combed in some way. Many of them are inclined at the same angle, and their perihelia, the points closest to the sun, cluster in one area. Some even orbit in the opposite direction to the rest of the solar system. The probability that such an arrangement arose by chance is, attention, 0.006%. "

"The key is a phenomenon called the Lidov-Kozai mechanism. The Lidov-Kozai mechanism is a gravitational three-body dance. Imagine the Sun, a small TNO-like object, and a massive perturbing body, in this case, our hypothetical Planet Nine. In this system, an unusual exchange of energy occurs. The orbit of the small object is not constant. Instead, it trades its parameters, so to speak. The object can give up some of its inclination relative to the system's plane. In return, it gains greater eccentricity, meaning its orbit becomes more egg-shaped, elongated. The opposite can also happen. This is a cyclic process. Planet Nine, orbiting on its distant path, slowly pumps, tilts, and stretches these orbits over millions of years. And it is this mechanism that explains why we see objects with such extreme orbits, perpendicular to the ecliptic, and even moving retrograde. Without a third massive player in this system, the math simply doesn't add up. "

"Terry Fan and Professor Goto were not searching blindly; they obviously created a profile of the sought-after object. They were looking for an object with a mass 7 to 17 times that of Earth, moving at a distance between 500 and 700 astronomical units from the Sun. They knew exactly how such an object should move against the background of stars over those 23 years. They processed millions of data points, rejected everything that didn't fit the pattern, and were left with 13 candidates. After manual verification, only one, one specific candidate remained on the field. "

"JADES-GS-z14-0 is 1,600 light years (ly) wide and very luminous. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of strong ionized gas emissions, including hydrogen and oxygen. [...] Its age, size, and luminosity added to a growing body of evidence that current theories of early star and galaxy formation are incomplete. "

"One line, the theoretical one, and another one that deviates. And this happens over time. Subsequent dots, as it were, form, and this observed distribution, as one might say, fits perfectly, cup for cup, with the predictions of general relativity again. "

"Gravitational waves arise when the phenomenon of gravitational field pulling occurs. When mass moves, when mass moves and when it accelerates, right? This is, this is, a disturbance is created in the gravitational field, right? In this distribution of the gravitational field, as if this gravitational well, right, it starts to ripple like that and it spreads at the speed of light, right? This is, as it were, very classically derived from the general theory of relativity. "

"If it's not a dumbbell, but a disk rotating axially, it won't be a source of gravitational waves, but an already distorted disk will be such a source. If it's a supernova and the supernova explodes very symmetrically, as they say, it won't be a source of gravitational waves, but supernovae most often explode in a way where there's a difference in the amount of matter going in different directions, due to magnetic fields, rotations, and so on. And at that moment, there's a pulsating star, because there's also acceleration, it pulsates and slows down. If it's a strictly symmetrical star, one that expands uniformly throughout its volume, it also won't be a source, but a star that has something called a quadrupole moment, where some parts go up and others contract, because that's usually how it looks, such a star will be a source. "

"It turned out to be a cyclic phenomenon. And what turned out? It turned out that when celestial mechanics methods were used to fit possible configurations to these observation results, it emerged that this pulsar orbits a common center of mass with another neutron star, something invisible, hellishly dense, and very small. "

"A pulsar is a very dense, very compact star. Most often a remnant after a supernova explosion, it has sizes of 10, 20 k, several kilometers, but a mass, a mass greater than the mass of the sun. density at the level of nuclear density 10 to the 14 kg per cubic centimeter, these are like individual neutrons packed next to each other. "

"Radio waves have the advantage over visible light that they penetrate the densest dust clouds, and thanks to this, we were able to look directly into the gas clumps surrounding the comet, and the result is unequivocal. There is water, lots of water. If Atlas were a dry spacecraft or a worn-out alien probe, this signal simply wouldn't exist. So we are dealing with a wet, well, in quotation marks of course wet, frozen icy body, chemically very similar to comets we know from our own backyard. Water, carbon, simple compounds, the building blocks of nature, not any engineering. "

"MeerKAT, a radio telescope with a diameter of 13.5 meters operated by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, detected radio absorption lines by hydroxyl radicals, namely OH molecules, from the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS. The OH absorption signal was detected in two spectral lines at radio frequencies of 1.665 and 1.667 gigahertz. "

"If we sum all the mass and energy of matter in the universe as positive numbers, and all the energy of the gravitational field as negative numbers, the result of this equation is shocking. Zero. A big round zero. "

"Inflation de facto froze this state of existence. Thanks to inflation, our universe is as we see it. Flat, homogeneous, and vast. We see evidence for this in the cosmic microwave background radiation, the echo of the Big Bang that reaches us from every corner of the sky. The temperature distribution in this radiation perfectly matches the predictions of inflationary models. "

"First, nothing exists in a physical sense. Empty space is a boiling sea of energy. Second, the total energy of the universe is zero, so its creation costs no net energy. Third, cosmological inflation can instantly turn a microscopic fluctuation into a gigantic cosmos. And fourth, a slight violation of symmetry allowed matter to survive annihilation with antimatter. "

"Inflation is a moment just after the birth of the universe lasting a fraction of a fraction of a second, in which space went crazy, expanded exponentially. We are talking about expansion faster than the speed of light. And calmly, this obviously does not break Einstein's theory in any way. nothing can move in space faster than light, but space itself can swell probably at any speed. "

"The James Webb Space Telescope confirms the presence of the first runaway supermassive black hole speeding through its host galaxy at 2.2 million miles per hour. "

"Every single kilogram of rock debris, rapidly flying out in one direction with great recoil force, pushed the entire huge asteroid in the exact opposite direction or in the exact opposite sense. This phenomenon acted as a natural cosmic amplifier and magnified the desired change in momentum from two to almost five times compared to the impact force offered by the probe's mass alone. "

"Nothing moves faster than a photon in the very fabric of the universe, but the very edifice in which they travel stretches relentlessly. "

"Edwin Hubble proved that the cosmos is expanding. Today we even know the speed of the expanding space. "

"The Universe is estimated to be about 14 billion years old. Accurate measurements indicate about 13.8 billion. "

"Currently, taking into account the constant expansion of space, throughout this entire period, the contemporary physical radius of our observable universe has expanded to approximately 46.5 billion light-years. "

"At sufficiently large distances, if we were to place one observer, for example, near Earth, and another beyond the horizon of the observable universe, they would recede from each other faster than light, being, as it were, pulled by the expanding space. "

"If we know the orbit and speed of an object, we can calculate the mass of what attracts it. And these calculations clearly state: in this small point, there must be something that weighs as much as 4 million of our suns. "

"Degeneracy pressure saves stars from ultimate destruction. For example, white dwarfs, burnt-out cores of stars like the Sun, do not collapse further under their own mass precisely thanks to electron degeneracy pressure. Neutron stars, even denser objects, are held together by this neutron degeneracy pressure. "

"S2 needs only 16 years to orbit the Galactic Center. In comparison, our Sun needs over 200 million years for this. S2 approaches the center at an extremely small distance and accelerates to speeds that are difficult to imagine in earthly conditions. "